Apache is still the most popular HTTP server on the Web. Let's see how to set up Apache securely on a CentOS server to host multiple virtual websites.
Apache is available in official CentOS repositories, so you can install it as root with the command
yum install httpd. Start the httpd service and make sure that it is added to the system startup settings:service httpd restart chkconfig httpd on
You can verify whether Apache is running with the command
#netstat -tulpn | grep httpd. If it's running, you should see output similar totcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN PID/httpd
By default, Apache serves TCP traffic on port 80 for HTTP and port 443 for the secure HTTPS protocol. Apache's initialization script is at /etc/init.d/httpd, while configuration files are stored under /etc/httpd/. By default the document root directory is /var/www/, while log files are stored under /var/log/httpd/ directory. We'll store files for our primary site in /var/www/html, and virtual host files in /var/www/site-a and /var/www/site-b.
Before working on the primary site, make sure that the server's host name is defined. Edit /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf, look for
ServerName, and modify the line:ServerName www.example.com:80Save the file and restart the service.
Every website needs an index file, which generally contains both text and code written in HTML, PHP, or another web scripting language. For this example just create the index file manually at /var/www/html/index.html. You can then access the primary site by pointing a browser to www.example.com.
Hosting multiple sites
Sometimes you might want to host multiple sites on the same Apache server. For example, if your company needs separate websites for each department or if you want to set up multiple web applications, hosting each site on separate physical servers may not be the best option. In such cases you can host multiple sites on a single Apache server, and each of the sites can run with its own customized settings.Apache supports name-based and IP-based virtual hosting. Name-based virtual hosts are disabled by default. To enable name-based virtual hosting, edit Apache's httpd.conf configuration file and uncomment the line with
NameVirtualHost:NameVirtualHost *:80
This parameter tells Apache to enable name-based hosting and listen on port 80 for any possible name. You can use a specific name instead of the asterisk wildcard character.
Each virtual host needs a valid DNS entry to work. To set up DNS on a production site, you must add DNS records in the authoritative DNS server. Generally, the primary website should be configured using an A record and the virtual hosts should be configured using CNAME records.
Enabling virtual hosts overrides the primary website unless you declare the primary website as a virtual host as well. The first declared virtual host has the highest priority. Any site that does not have a proper definition defaults to the first defined virtual host, so if site-a.example.com or site-b.example2.com are not properly configured, or if people try to access site-c.example.com and get directed to this Apache server, they will view www.example.com. Edit /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf and make sure that
ServerName www.example.com is the first virtual host defined:## start of virtual host definition ## <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin admin@example.com DocumentRoot /var/www/html/ ServerName www.example.com ## Custom log files can be used. Apache will create the log files automatically. ## ErrorLog logs/www.example.com-error_log CustomLog logs/www.example.com-access_log common </VirtualHost> ## end of virtual host definition ##
To set up the other virtual hosts, first create index.html files for the sites at /var/www/site-a and /var/www/site-b, then add the virtual host definitions to httpd.conf, and finally restart the httpd service:
## start of virtual host definition ## <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin admin@example.com DocumentRoot /var/www/site-a/ ServerName site-a.example.com ## Custom log files can be used. Apache will create the log files automatically. ## ErrorLog logs/site-a.example.com-error_log CustomLog logs/site-a.example.com-access_log common </VirtualHost> ## End of virtual host definition ## ## start of virtual host definition ## <VirtualHost site-b.example2.com:8000> ServerAdmin admin@example2.com DocumentRoot /var/www/site-b/ ServerName site-b.example2.com ## Custom log files can be used. Apache will create the log files automatically. ## ErrorLog logs/site-b.example2.com-error_log CustomLog logs/site-b.example2.com-access_log common </VirtualHost> ## End of virtual host definition ##
In some cases, system administrators set up web applications on random ports to increase the security of the services, and users have to manually add the port in the URL to gain access to the web site. We've done that here – we set up site-b to run on port 8000. We therefore have to modify the Apache configuration file, adding a
Listen line to httpd.conf:Listen 80 Listen 8000
Since this is the first virtual host defined under port 8000, any other virtual host running on 8000 that lacks a proper definition will default to site-b.example2.com:8000.
Restart the Apache service for the changes to take effect.
Hardening the server against flooding attacks
Though they may live behind a firewall, HTTP servers generally are open to the public, which makes them available to attackers as well, who may attempt denial of service (DoS) attacks by flooding a server with requests. Fully hardening both Linux and Apache against attacks is beyond the scope of this article, but one way to secure a web server against a flood of requests is to limit the number of active connections for a source IP address, which you can do by changing a setting in the iptables packet filter. Although you should set the number of active sessions for a production server based on actual traffic, in this tutorial we will limit the number of concurrent connections to around 250 per five minutes for each source IP address:service iptables stop rmmod xt_recent modprobe xt_recent ip_pkt_list_tot=255 service iptables start
rmmod removes the module xt_recent from the kernel. modprobe
adds the module to the kernel again with modified parameters, changing
the value of ip_pkt_list_tot from its default of 100 to 255.With the updated parameter, we will create a script that modifies iptables to institute some basic security best practices. Feel free to adapt it to your needs, but make sure that the rules are compatible with your organization's security policy.
## Flush all old rules so that we can start with a fresh set ## iptables -F ## Delete the user-defined chain 'HTTP_WHITELIST' ## iptables -X HTTP_WHITELIST ## Create the chain 'HTTP_WHITELIST' ## iptables -N HTTP_WHITELIST ## Define all new HTTP connections as 'HTTP' for future use within iptables ## iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -m recent --set --name HTTP ## Send all new HTTP connections to the chain 'HTTP_WHITELIST' ## iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -j HTTP_WHITELIST ## Log all HTTP connections. Limit connections to 250 per five minutes; drop any exceeding the limit ## iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 300 --hitcount 250 --rttl --name HTTP -j ULOG --ulog-prefix HTTP_flood_check iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 300 --hitcount 250 --rttl --name HTTP -j DROP
Make the script executable, then run it:
chmod +x firewall-script ./firewall-script
You might also want to add some trusted IP addresses or subnet to be excluded from the iptables check. For that, create a whitelisting script:
#!bin/bash TRUSTED_HOST = 192.168.1.3 iptables -A HTTP_WHITELIST -s $TRUSTED_HOST -m recent --remove --name HTTP -j ACCEPT
Again, make the script executable, then run it:
chmod +x whitelist-script ./whitelist-script
Now the firewall will allow no more than 250 concurrent connections per five minutes to the Apache server for each source IP address, while trusted IP addresses can have an infinite number of parallel connections.
